Introduction to Motivational Interviewing

1. What is Motivational Interviewing

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is often recommended as an evidence-based approach to behavior change. However, definitions of MI vary widely, including out of date and inaccurate understandings. This book provides a brief summary of what MI is, what is isn’t and where to go next if you are interested in learning more about this approach.

2. Motivational Interviewing Principles

3. Core elements of Motivational Interviewing

MI is practiced with an underlying spirit or way of being with people:

·      Partnership. MI is a collaborative process. The MI practitioner is an expert in helping people change; people are the experts of their own lives.

·      Evocation. People have within themselves resources and skills needed for change. MI draws out the person’s priorities, values, and wisdom to explore reasons for change and support success.

·      Acceptance. The MI practitioner takes a nonjudgmental stance, seeks to understand the person’s perspectives and experiences, expresses empathy, highlights strengths, and respects a person’s right to make informed choices about changing or not changing.

·      Compassion. The MI practitioner actively promotes and prioritizes clients’ welfare and wellbeing in a selfless manner.

MI has core skills of OARS, attending to the language of change and the artful exchange of information:

·      Open questions draw out and explore the person’s experiences, perspectives, and ideas. Evocative questions guide the client to reflect on how change may be meaningful or possible. Information is often offered within a structure of open questions (Elicit-ProvideElicit) that first explores what the person already knows, then seeks permission to offer what the practitioner knows and then explores the person’s response.

·      Affirmation of strengths, efforts, and past successes help to build the person’s hope and confidence in their ability to change.

·      Reflections are based on careful listening and trying to understand what the person is saying, by repeating, rephrasing or offering a deeper guess about what the person is trying to communicate. This is a foundational skill of MI and how we express empathy.

·      Summarizing ensures shared understanding and reinforces key points made by the client.

·      Attending to the language of change identifies what is being said against change (sustain talk) and in favor of change (change talk) and, where appropriate, encouraging a movement away from sustain talk toward change talk. 

·      Exchange of information respects that both the clinician and client have expertise. Sharing information is considered a two way street and needs to be responsive to what the client is saying.

MI has four fundamental processes. These processes describe the “flow” of the conversation although we may move back and forth among processes as needed:

·      Engaging: This is the foundation of MI. The goal is to establish a productive working relationship through careful listening to understand and accurately reflect the person’s experience and perspective while affirming strengths and supporting autonomy.

·      Focusing: In this process an agenda is negotiated that draws on both the client and practitioner expertise to agree on a shared purpose, which gives the clinician permission to move into a directional conversation about change.

·      Evoking: In this process the clinician gently explores and helps the person to build their own “why” of change through eliciting the client’s ideas and motivations. Ambivalence is 3 normalized, explored without judgement and, as a result, may be resolved. This process requires skillful attention to the person’s talk about change. 

·      Planning: Planning explores the “how” of change where the MI practitioner supports the person to consolidate commitment to change and develop a plan based on the person’s own insights and expertise. This process is optional and may not be required, but if it is the timing and readiness of the client for planning is important.

MI is framed as a method of communication rather than an intervention, sometimes used on its own or combined with other treatment approaches. There are a number of benefits of learning MI amongst other approaches to helping conversations: 

·      MI has been applied across a broad range of settings (e.g. health, corrections, human services, education), populations (e.g. age, ethnicity, religion, sexuality and gender identities), languages, treatment format (e.g. individual, group, telemedicine) and presenting concerns (e.g. health, fitness, nutrition, risky sex, treatment adherence, medication adherence, substance use, mental health, illegal behaviors, gambling, parenting).

·      MI compares well to other evidence-based approaches in formal research studies.

·      MI is compatible with the values of many disciplines and evidence-based approaches.

·      Although the full framework is a complex skill set that require time and practice, the principles of MI have intuitive or “common sense” appeal and core elements of MI can be readily applied in practice as the clinician learns the approach.

·      MI has observable practice behaviors that allow clinicians to receive clear and objective feedback from a trainer, consultant or supervisor.

4. Resources

Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers

Video Resources:

Motivational Interviewing Patient Example 1

Motivational Interviewing Patient Example 2

Introduction to Motivational Interviewing